Advanced Internal Combustion Engine Analysis and Design

This course studies the fundamentals of how the design and operation of internal combustion engines affect their performance, efficiency, fuel requirements, and environmental impact. Topics include fluid flow, thermodynamics, combustion, heat transfer, friction phenomena, and fuel properties, with reference to engine power, efficiency, and emissions. Students examine the design features and operating characteristics of different types of internal combustion engines: spark-ignition, diesel, stratified-charge, and mixed-cycle engines

COURSE OUTLINE

Fundamentals of Internal Combustion Engines

Engine & Heat Engine

Comparison of Internal and External combustion engines

Pros and Cons of Internal Combustion engines

Engine classification.

• Classification of the Basis of Cycle of Operation
• Classification of the Basis of Type of Fuel Used
• Classification of the Basis of Method of Charging
• Classification of the Basis of Type of Ignition
• Classification of the Basis of Type of Cooling
• Classification of the Basis of Cylinder Arrangement

Basic engine components of  IC Engine

Nomenclature of IC Engine

Four-stroke Spark Ignition SI Engines (Gasoline or Otto) & P-V AND T-S Diagrams of Otto Cycle

Four-stroke Compression Ignition CI Engines (Diesel) & P-V AND T-S Diagrams of Diesel Cycle

Comparison of four-stroke Spark Ignition SI and Compression Ignition CI Engines

Interactive learning of engine components and classification

Application of IC and EC Engines.

Comparison of Four-Stroke and Two-Stroke Engines

Engine performance parameters

• Indicated Thermal Efficiency
• Brake Thermal Efficiency
• Mechanical Efficiency
• Volumetric Efficiency
• Relative Efficiency
• Mean Effective pressure
• Mean piston speed
• Specific Power Output
• Specific fuel consumption
• Fuel-air (?/?) or Air-fuel Ratio (?/?)
• Equivalence ratio
• Calorific Value

Problem-based learning of Engine measurement and testing (Numerical)

Otto cycle

Derivation for expressions of Thermal Efficiency, Work output, and Mean

Effective Pressure of the Air Standard Otto cycle

Problem-based learning of the Air Standard Otto cycle (Numerical)

Diesel cycle

Derivation for expressions of Thermal Efficiency, Work output and Mean

Effective Pressure of the Air Standard Diesel cycle

Problem-based learning of the Air Standard Diesel cycle (Numerical)

Dual cycle

Derivation for expressions of Thermal Efficiency, Work output and Mean

Effective Pressure of the Air Standard Dual cycle.

Problem-based learning of the Air Standard Dual cycle (Numerical)

Comparison of Otto, Diesel, and Dual Cycles

Understand the Brayton Cycle

How to do soft calculations and plotting in excel for Solving Numerical

Why it is important to study types of fuels and their characteristics?

Types of fuels (Solid, Liquid, and Gaseous Fuels)

Chemical structure of Petroleum

Important qualities of SI engine fuels

• Volatility
• Starting & Warm-up
• Operating range performance:
• Crankcase Dilution
• Vapor Lock Characteristics:
• Antiknock Quality
• Gum Deposits
• Sulphur Content

Important qualities of CI engine fuels

• Knock Characteristics
• Volatility
• Starting Characteristics
• Smoking and Odour
• Viscosity
• Corrosion and Wear
• Handling Ease

Rating of SI & CI Engine Fuels

The calorific value of fuel

Why there is a need for alternate fuels?

• Alcohol as a fuel
• Hydrogen as a fuel
• Natural gas as a fuel
• LPG as fuel

Carburetor In Internal Combustion Engines

Factors Affecting Carburetion

• The Engine Speed
• Vaporization Characteristics of the Fuel
• The temperature of Incoming Air
• Design

Air-Fuel Mixture Requirements

• Idling/ Starting
• Cruising/ Normal Power
• Maximum Power/ Acceleration

Components of Carburetor

• Fuel Strainer
• Float Chamber
• Fuel Discharge Nozzle
• Choke Valve
• Throttle Valve

Principle of Carburetion

Deficiencies of the Elementary Carburetor

Understand Modern Carburetor Design

Compensating Devices

• Air Bleed Jet
• Compensating Jet
• Emulsion Tube

Types of Carburetor Based on Direction of Flow

• Up-draught
• Down-draught
• Cross –draught

Calculation of air Fuel Ratio in Carburetor

Problem-based learning of the Carburetor (Numerical)

Mechanical Injection Systems

Comparison between Carburetor and Mechanical Injection Systems

Functional Requirements of Injection Systems

Classification of Injection Systems

• Air Injection System
• Solid (Airless) Injection System

Main Components and working of Mechanical Injection Systems

Various Fuel Injection Systems

• Individual Pump and Nozzle Systems
• Unit Injector System
• Common Rail System
• Distributor System

Comparison of Various Fuel Injection System

Types of Pump in Fuel Injection Systems

• Fuel Feed Pumps
• Injection Pumps
• Jerk Type Pumps
• Distributor Type Pumps

Injection Pump Governor

• Mechanical Governor
• Pneumatic Governor

Fuel Injector Assembly and its working

Nozzle in Combustion Chamber

Functions of Nozzle

Types of Nozzles

Spray formation in Combustion Chamber

Quantity of Fuel and Size of Nozzle Orifice

Injection in SI Engines (Continued and Time Injection)

Combustion Process and Combustion Chambers in IC Engines

Introduction to Combustion

Combustion Reactions and Equations

Calorific Valves & Homogenous mixture of air and fuel for Combustion

Combustion in SI Engines

Stages of Combustion in SI Engines

Flame Front Propagation

Factors influencing the flame speed during Combustion

• Temperature and Pressure
• Engine Output
• Engine Speed
• Engine Size

Phenomena of Knock in SI Engines

Effects of Engine Variables on Knocking

• Density Factors
• Time Factors
• Composition Factors

Combustion in CI Engines

Stages of Combustion in CI Engines

• Ignition Delay Period
• Period of Rapid / Uncontrolled Combustion
• Period of controlled Combustion

Factors affecting the delay period

• Compression Ratio
• Intake Temperature
• Intake Pressure
• Quality of Fuels
• Speed
• Output
• Atomization and Duration of Injection
• Injection Timing

Comparison between SI and CI Engine Knocking

Characteristics of tending to Reduce Detonation or Knock

Combustion Chambers of SI and CI Engines

Numerical Problems Combustion and Combustion Chambers

Internal Combustion Engine Emissions and Control

Introduction to IC Engine Emissions

Air Pollution due to IC Engine

Euro Norms / European Emission Standards

Classification of Engine Emissions

Causes of Hydrocarbon Emission

• Incomplete Combustion
• Crevice Volumes and Flow in Crevices
• Leakage past the Exhaust Valves
• Valve Overlap
• Deposits on Walls
• Oil on Combustion Chamber Walls

HC Emissions from SI and CI Engines

Other Types of Engine Emissions

• Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions
• Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Emissions
• Photochemical Smog
• Particulates Emission
• Aldehydes and Lead Emission
• Oxides of Sulfur (SOx) Emissions

Engine Emissions Controls

Modification in Engine Design & Operating Parameters

• Combustion Chamber Configuration
• Lower Compression Ratio
• Modified Induction System
• Ignition Timing
• Reduced Valve Overlap

Emissions Control by Exhaust Gas Oxidation

• Thermal Converters
• Catalytic Converters
• Exhaust Manifold Reactor
• Exhaust Gas Recirculation
• Particulate Traps
• Crankcase Blowby

Emission Control by Modification of Fuels

Lubrication and Lubrication Systems in IC Engines

Introduction to Lubrication

Lubrication and its Functions

Physical and Chemical Stability of Lubricant

Properties and Viscocity  of Lubricants

• Flash Point and Free Point Temperature
• Cloud Point and Pour Point Temperature
• Oiliness, Anti Corrosive and Emulsification
• Adhesiveness, Film Strength & Specific Gravity
• Neutralization Number

Lubricating Oil Additives

• Detergents
• Dispersants
• Anti-Wear Additives
• Rust Inhibitors
• Viscosity Index Improvers
• Pour Point Additives
• Anti-Foaming Agents
• Anti-Oxidants
• Oiliness Improvement

Type of Lubricants

• Mineral Oils
• Fatty Oils
• Synthetic Oils
• Multi-Grade Oils
• Greases

Lubrication Systems

• Wet Sump Lubrication System
• Dry Sump Lubrication System
• Mist Lubrication System

Engine Cooling Systems for IC Engines

The necessity of Engine Cooling

Demerits of Over Cooling

Gas Temperature Variation

Effects of Operating Variables on Engine Heat Transfer

• Compression Ratio
• Air Fuel Ratio
• Ignition Timing
• Load and Speed

Cooling Systems

• Air-Cooling Systems
• Liquid/Water Cooling Systems